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Spanish to English: Living the Palace by Vicente Quirarte
General field: Art/Literary
Detailed field: Art, Arts & Crafts, Painting
Source text - Spanish
Vivir el Palacio


Setenta y cinco años lleva México de vivir el Palacio de Bellas Artes y el Palacio de vivir en la ciudad del mismo nombre, con mayúsculas ganadas en plenitud de méritos. Suntuoso y femenino, pesado como el mármol blanco que lo recubre, paradójicamente ligero como la nube o la espuma monumental de las cuales parece construido, es uno de nuestros más notables emblemas urbanos; lugar de paso obligatorio para oriundos o navegantes ocasionales del corazón del corazón del país; símbolo de la estación del metro cuyo nombre ostenta; ritual de paso para quien se inicia en la recepción de las artes; arena de combate donde artistas de todas las armas demuestran que son dignos de ejercer con altura el escenario mayor; taller permanente donde todos, de una u otra manera, nos hemos formado; estación final donde se rinde merecidos honores a quienes mejor han sabido expresar anhelos colectivos.
La palabra palacio, al igual que castillo, provoca instintivamente prestigio, temor o rechazo de nuestra por fortuna siempre invocada estirpe republicana. Es el lugar del que emanan el poder y la protección pero igualmente las órdenes, el control que puede convertirse en tiranía. Semejante metáfora aparece tanto en cuentos tradicionales como en las fábulas oscuras de Franz Kafka. Contrariamente a aquéllos, el nuestro es un palacio en el que nadie vive pero que todos vivimos. Sus reyes sucesivos son artistas que lo justifican y fortalecen, lo transforman y reviven. Sus sostenedores, un público tan exigente como agradecido, tan necesario como la tripulación que en todos sus niveles y responsabilidades permite la marcha de un barco sedentario cuyas navegaciones ya son parte de la historia.
Los teatros son grandes acumuladores de energía. A lo largo del siglo XIX, mientras mayor era la participación ciudadana propiciada por la democracia y la palabra nosotros, la ciudad de México vio en sus escenarios representaciones que lo mismo tenían que ver con la ficción que con una realidad que se modificaba de la noche a la mañana. Obras dramáticas y óperas, reuniones políticas o declaraciones de bandos solemnes tenían lugar en su interior. Durante varias décadas, el Teatro Nacional, que cambiaba de nombre de acuerdo con los vaivenes políticos o el capricho personal del gobernante, fue el escenario principal de vocaciones y pasiones. Nunca será suficientemente lamentada la demolición de la que constituyó una de las mejores obras arquitectónicas de Lorenzo de la Hidalga y cuyas columnas monumentales aún pueden ser admiradas en el interior del edificio de la esquina de Bolívar y 16 de Septiembre. Robustas y aspirantes a la eternidad sintieron, entre otras cosas, la primera ejecución del Himno Nacional Mexicano.
En sus 75 años de vivir la ciudad, el Palacio de Bellas Artes ha sido testigo de múltiples historias ocurridas dentro y fuera de su cuerpo. Clementina Díaz y de Ovando ha hecho una crónica, imprescindible como todo lo suyo, para historiar ese año de 1904 en que el edificio blanco comenzó a soñar y cuando nuestra ciudad comenzaba a poblarse de otras suntuosas construcciones para sostener y dar lustre a la poderosa maquinaria administrativa y prepararse a recibir el centenario de la Independencia de México, en medio de notables contradicciones y diferencias sociales. Es el año en que Díaz es electo para un nuevo periodo de gobierno, de 1904 a 1910, con Ramón Corral en la vicepresidencia. Con tal motivo se lleva a cabo un desfile en el cual participan alumnos de escuelas, empleados, ejército y carros alegóricos. Se inaugura una planta de gas y luz eléctrica y se encuentran en plena actividad los escritores reunidos alrededor de la Revista Moderna de México, cuya vocación vital y artística se encuentra resumida en la novela Claudio Oronoz de Rubén M. Campos, aparecida ese año.
Para fortuna de nuestra memoria, numerosos son los elementos que tenemos para conocer la génesis del proyecto y sus transformaciones e interrupciones sucesivas. Adamo Boari, el arquitecto italiano a quien se encomendó el proyecto, escribió un “Informe preliminar sobre el proyecto para la construcción”, acompañado de magníficos planos; cuando tras el estallido de la Revolución en 1910 y el largo paréntesis que provocó, el edificio pudo ser inaugurado en 1934, bajo la presidencia de Abelardo Rodríguez, los arquitectos Alberto J. Pani e Ignacio Mariscal concibieron hacer una memoria de los antecedentes y transformación del Palacio que finalmente entregaban a la nación. Tuvieron el acierto de encargar la redacción del documento al poeta José Gorostiza. Publicado ese mismo año por Editorial Cultura, el pequeño volumen es una brillante síntesis del lugar que el edificio tiene en el mundo y de la manera en que, a partir de los planos originales, fue posible adecuar el edificio a los nuevos tiempos exigidos por una Revolución que daba fin al discurso de las armas.
Para celebrar los 70 años del Palacio, el Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes publicó un libro igualmente monumental. Contiene las impresionantes fotografías de Mark Molinger, en las cuales ningún detalle escapa a la vista de quien pasa sus páginas: vistas panorámicas, frisos, máscaras, lámparas, texturas contribuyen a hacer del libro una anatomía detallada, implacable e impecable, del edificio. El apéndice de la obra está constituido por un ensayo del arquitecto Juan Urquiaga en torno al contexto arquitectónico en que nació el edificio, los textos antes citados de Boari, Mariscal y Pani, y un ensayo del historiador Alejandro Rosas en que se da cuenta de la evolución del inmueble a lo largo de la historia.
La presencia del edificio en la memoria urbana se halla igualmente en fotografías que a lo largo del tiempo han testimoniado su evolución. En algunas podemos ver el monumental esqueleto de acero que evidenciaba los nuevos, rápidos y sorprendentes métodos de construcción, los cuales se vieron interrumpidos por la inevitable Revolución. En otras se registra su presencia sólida y definitiva, en su significante y su significado, de la importancia de las artes para un país que había salido de una larga noche e intentaba encauzarse por la vía de las instituciones. A partir de su plena existencia en el corazón de la ciudad, el edificio entró en la mitología cotidiana y en aquella imaginada por la literatura. Xavier Villaurrutia lo utiliza como escenario indirecto en su obra Invitación a la muerte; las caminatas de los nuevos caballeros andantes Rigoberto de la Cruz o Ixca Cienfuegos le otorgan nueva vida; el joven Octavio Paz lo marcó con la mirada antes de escribir sus poemas “Crepúsculos de la ciudad”.
La identidad inmediata de una urbe en la conciencia colectiva está determinada por los que Kevin Lynch denomina hitos. Ellos son los que colectivamente construyen la imagen de la ciudad, su identidad y su carácter único. Sin embargo, un edificio necesita del diálogo con sus habitantes o sus usuarios. En algunas publicaciones de la ciudad de México que se ilustran con grabados o fotografías —la Guía de Forasteros de Juan Nepomuceno Almonte o México y su evolución social, respectivamente—, no hay referentes humanos. Los edificios son rígidos testimonios del poderío del estado. Monumentos bellos pero sin vida humana. En cambio, con las litografías de Casimiro Castro en el álbum México y sus alrededores o la difusión de la fotografía que trae consigo la Revolución, los ciudadanos de todos los niveles están en contacto íntimo con la ciudad: son savia y sustento. En la ceremonia inaugural del Palacio, el 29 de septiembre de 1934, al hacer uso de la palabra el director del departamento de Bellas Artes, Antonio Castro Leal, hizo votos porque el palacio fuera “no una suntuosa casa vacía sino un taller en constante trabajo”.
Nuestra ciudad mía, dijo con acierto Salvador Novo, quien nació el mismo año de 1904 en que Porfirio Díaz colocó la primera piedra del edificio. Nuestro palacio mío puede afirmar con justicia quien lo disfruta con la absoluta libertad de la mirada, cruza luego su umbral y se hace parte de su arquitectura interior y su profusión de mármoles rojos, negros, rosas y cafés, provenientes de canteras de nuestro país y de otras partes del mundo. Puede emprender, igualmente, un breve e intenso viaje por la pintura mexicana resumida en sus muros, o practicar, en los diversos ámbitos que conforman el edificio, su forma elegida de comunión.
Semejante percepción anima el proyecto que los fotógrafos Lorena Alcaraz y Bernardo Arcos han desarrollado a lo largo de tres años para hacer el retrato del Palacio en plena ocupación y ejercicio de sus espacios. El presente libro, dedicados a los 75 años de vida activa del Palacio de Bellas Artes, es protagonizado por quienes lo viven, por quienes lo hacen vibrar con su talento y sus pasiones. Cada una de sus imágenes es producto de numerosos intentos, de asedios donde no han bastado el dominio del obturador y de la luz. Lorena y Bernardo saben que la fotografía como arte es fruto de una larga paciencia, conocimiento del ser excepcional que es el artista ya en la realización de su disciplina, ya en el momento anterior a su entrada en escena. Por eso el carácter narrativo de varias secuencias que dan fe de estos ritos cotidianos transformados en asedio a lo permanente. El presente libro es una biografía en imágenes del Palacio hecha por las acciones de sus más leales amadores: artistas, público y personal de apoyo que en camerinos, escenario, palcos y butacas contribuyen a preservar la sed de eternidad en medio de un mundo que parece desintegrarse. A esa condición heroica e imprescindible del arte y el artista se refería Luis Cernuda cuando escribió, en un poema dedicado a Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:

En cualquier urbe oscura, donde amortaja el humo
Al sueño de un vivir urdido en la costumbre
Y el trabajo no da libertad ni esperanza,
Aún queda la sala de concierto, aún puede el hombre
Dejar que su mente humillada se ennoblezca
Con la armonía sin par, el arte inmaculado

El arte no huye. Penetra sin permiso —por eso duele— en los misterios de la vida, en la consagración de sus pequeños cuidados. Lorena y Bernardo lo demuestran al captar las pasiones de quienes dan vida al palacio y de él la obtienen, en la más afortunada y feliz de las simbiosis vampíricas. El espectador podrá ver en estas páginas al artista en la plenitud del ejercicio de pasiones cuyo único límite es la lucidez que le exige su disciplina pero que siempre deja lugar a la imaginación. Aquí se abren piernas, se levantan manos, se tensan cuerdas de instrumentos con la fuerza con que se tensan los músculos en el cuerpo del bailarín o las que determinan la voz del poeta.
El panteón heroico, de acuerdo con la tradición clásica rescatada por la Revolución Francesa, está dedicado a quienes con acciones diversas escriben con mayúscula el nombre de la polis. Antes del destino final donde reposarán los restos de los grandes artistas mexicanos, el Palacio se ha convertido en último andén para quienes han sabido tocar las fibras más sensibles de su comunidad. Antípodas pero complementarias fueron las ceremonias para despedir a Frida Kahlo y Andrés Henestrosa. Ambos hijos de la Revolución, dejaron este mundo con medio siglo de diferencia. Cubierta con la bandera roja el ataúd de la primera; tocado por innumerables manos oaxaqueñas que entonaban sones que sueñan en nuestra sangre, el del segundo. En fecha casi coincidente con la partida del Andrés nuestro de cada día, una exposición retrospectiva de quien la voz de todos ha reducido a su categórico nombre propio —Frida— demostró el fervor mexicano por el arte y los símbolos, por los mitos y las realidades tangibles de la pintura, como puede verse en las largas filas registradas en imágenes de este libro.
El arte es el viaje de ida y vuelta a la locura. Particularmente a la violencia de ese reino oscuro. La sabiduría teatral llama desahogo al espacio donde es posible un breve respiro antes de volver al combate y, más lúcidamente todavía, piernas al espacio entre bambalinas y el escenario. Hay aquí un símbolo del instante en que el artista sale para experimentar un nuevo, luminoso y ardiente nacimiento que nos obliga igualmente a ver el mundo como el primer día de su creación. Ciento cinco años después de aquella primera piedra, setenta y cinco después de su definitivo nacimiento, Bellas Artes palpita en medio de una ciudad y de un país que lucha contra tormentas de todas las especies pero que en el arte y en la educación ha encontrado la posibilidad de lograr la supremacía del discurso de las letras sobre el discurso de las armas, de la sensibilidad sobre la ignorancia, de la inteligencia sobre la barbarie.
Translation - English
Living the Palace


For seventy-five years Mexico has lived with the Palace of Fine Arts, and the Palace has lived with the city of the same name, its capital letters earned by its abundant merits. Sumptuous and feminine, as weighty as the white marble with which it is clad, as paradoxically light as the monumental cloud or froth it appears to be made from, it is one of our city’s most emblematic buildings. A de rigueur destination both for locals and for occasional navigators of the heart of the heart of the country; the symbol of the metro station that bears its name; a rite of passage for initiation into appreciation of the arts; a combat arena where protagonists of every art prove they are worthy of treading the grand stage; a permanent workshop where all of us, one way or another, have studied; and the end of the line where those who have best expressed our collective longings are honored.
The word palace, like castle, instinctively calls to mind prestige, fear or rejection in our constantly-invoked – fortunately – republican heritage. It is the place whence power and protection emanate, but also orders, and the control that can become tyranny. Such a metaphor appears both in traditional tales and the dark fables of Franz Kafka. Unlike these, ours is a palace no-one lives in, but which we all inhabit. Its succession of kings are the actors and artists who reinforce its raison d’être, who transform and rejuvenate it. Its supporters are a public as demanding as it is grateful, as essential as the crew which, at all its levels and responsibilities, allows the progress of a sedentary ship whose voyages are already part of history.
Theaters are great accumulators of energy. Throughout the 19th century, as the role of the citizen grew, encouraged by democracy and the word ‘we’, Mexico City’s theaters put on performances that had as much to do with fiction as with a reality that was changing overnight. Dramatic works and operas, political meetings and solemn proclamations took place there. For several decades, the National Theater, which changed its name according to the political to-and-fro or the whims of the ruler, was the principal stage for vocations and passions. The demolition of what was one of Lorenzo de la Hidalga’s greatest architectural works will never be sufficiently lamented, though its monumental columns can still be admired inside the building on the corner of Bolívar and 16 de Septiembre. Robust, aspiring to eternity, they heard, among other things, the first-ever rendition of the Mexican National Anthem.
Over the 75 years it has lived with the city, the Palace of Fine Arts has been witness to countless events both within and without its walls. Clementina Díaz y de Ovando has created a chronicle, as indispensable as everything she writes, to tell the story of that year, 1904, when the white building began to dream and when our city began to be dotted with other such sumptuous constructions to hold up and put a shine on the powerful administrative machinery that was preparing for the centenary of Mexican Independence, amidst profound social contradictions and differences. This is the year Porfirio Díaz was reelected for a new term, from 1904 to 1910, with Ramón Corral as vice-president. To this end a parade was held with schoolchildren, workers, the army and allegorical floats. A gas and electric light plant was opened and the writers grouped around the Revista Moderna de México magazine were hard at work, their vital and artistic vocation summed up in the novel Claudio Oronoz by Rubén M. Campos, which appeared the same year.
To the great good fortune of our memory, we have numerous sources to reconstruct the genesis of the project and its successive transformations and interruptions. Adamo Boari, the Italian architect to whom the project was entrusted, wrote a “Preliminary report on the construction project,” accompanied by magnificent plans. When, after the outbreak of the 1910 Revolution and the resulting lengthy parenthesis, the building was finally opened in 1934, during Abelardo Rodríguez’s presidency, architects Alberto J. Pani and Ignacio Mariscal decided to draw up a chronicle of the history and transformations of the Palace they were finally handing over to the nation. They had the good judgment to entrust the editing of the document to the poet José Gorostiza. Published that same year by Editorial Cultura, the slim volume is a brilliant synthesis of the place the building has in the world and of how it was possible, based on the original plans, to adjust the building to the new era, as demanded by a Revolution which was putting an end to the discourse on arms.
To celebrate the Palace’s 70th anniversary, the National Institute of Fine Arts (INBA) published an equally monumental work. It includes impressive photography by Mark Molinger, in which no detail escapes the gaze of the reader: panoramic views, friezes, masks, lamps and textures all contribute to making this book a detailed anatomy – implacable and impeccable – of the building. The appendix to the book comprises an essay by the architect Juan Urquiaga on the architecture of the period in which the building came into existence, the texts by Boari, Mariscal and Pani mentioned above, and an essay by historian Alejandro Rosas that gives an account of the building’s evolution over time.
The building’s presence in urban memory is also to be found in photographs that bear witness to its development over the years. In some we see the monumental steel skeleton evidencing the astonishing new rapid construction methods, though they were interrupted by the inevitable Revolution. Others record its solid and definitive presence, its significance in signifying the importance of the arts for a country which had emerged from a long night, and was seeking direction from its institutions. Once its existence in the heart of the city had been established, the building soon became part of the mythology of the everyday, as well as that imagined in literature. Xavier Villarrutia uses it as an indirect setting for his Invitation to Death; the wanderings of the new knights errant, Rigoberto de la Cruz and Ixca Cienfuegos, grant it new life; and a young Octavio Paz touched upon it with his gaze before writing his “City Twilights” sequence of poems.
The immediate identity of a city in the collective consciousness is determined by what Kevin Lynch calls landmarks. These are what together build the city’s image, its identity and unique character. However, a building requires dialogue with its inhabitants or users. In some publications about Mexico City illustrated with engravings or photographs – Juan Nepomuceno Almonte’s Guide for Outsiders or The Social Evolution of Mexico, respectively – there are no human reference points. The buildings are rigid witnesses to the power of the state. Beautiful monuments, but lacking human life. By contrast, with Casimiro Castro’s lithographs in the album Mexico and its Surroundings, or the spread of photography associated with the Revolution, inhabitants of all social strata are seen in close contact with the city: as sap and sustenance. At the Palace’s inaugural ceremony on 29 September 1934, the director of the Fine Arts department, Antonio Castro Leal, in his speech expressed a desire that the Palace be “not a sumptuous, yet empty house, but rather a workshop that is always active.”
Our city of mine, as Salvador Novo put it so well. He was born in 1904, the same year that Porfirio Díaz laid the building’s first stone. Our palace of mine might do well to express the absolute freedom of one who enjoys it with the gaze, then crosses the threshold to become part of its interior architecture and its profusion of red, black, pink and russet marble, from local as well as foreign quarries. Then there is a choice between a brief but intense journey through the history of Mexican painting, summarized on the walls, or entering one of the building’s varied spaces to practice one’s preferred form of communion.
A similar perception animates the project developed over three years by photographers Lorena Alcaraz and Bernardo Arcos to create a portrait of the Palace in full occupation and employment of its spaces. The protagonists of the present book, dedicated to the Palace of Fine Arts’ 75 years of activity, are those who live it, who make it hum with their talents and passions. Each one of these images is the product of numerous attempts, of sieges where mastery of the lens and of light has not been enough. Lorena and Bernardo know that photography as an art is the fruit of abundant patience, and knowledge of the exceptional being that the actors become when engaged in their discipline, already in the moment before they take the stage. This explains the narrative character of several sequences which bear witness to these everyday rituals, transformed into assaults on permanence. This book is a biography in images of the Palace, formed by the actions of its most faithful lovers: actors, audiences and the support staff who in dressing rooms, backstage, boxes and stalls all contribute to maintaining this thirst for eternity in the midst of a world that seems to be coming apart. It was to this heroic, indispensable condition of art and the artist that Luis Cernuda referred when he wrote, in a poem dedicated to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:

En cualquier urbe oscura, donde amortaja el humo
Al sueño de un vivir urdido en la costumbre
Y el trabajo no da libertad ni esperanza,
Aún queda la sala de concierto, aún puede el hombre
Dejar que su mente humillada se ennoblezca
Con la armonía sin par, el arte inmaculado

(In any dark city, where the smoke shrouds
The dream of a life woven in custom
And work gives neither freedom nor hope,
There is still the concert hall, and a man can still
Allow his humiliated mind to be ennobled
With the matchless harmony, the immaculate art.)

Art does not flee. Without asking permission it pierces – this is why it hurts – the mysteries of life, in consecrating its small cares. Lorena and Bernardo reveal this when they capture the passions of those who bring the Palace to life, and they receive it there too, in this most felicitous of vampiric symbioses. The spectator will find in these pages artists in the fullest exercise of their passions, the only limit being the lucidity demanded by their discipline, while always leaving room for the imagination. Here, legs are opened, hands are raised, instrument strings are plucked with the same strength that tenses the muscles in the dancer’s body or those that determine the poet’s voice.
The heroic pantheon, following the Classical tradition, as resurrected by the French Revolution, is dedicated to those who in multifarious actions write the name of the polis in capital letters. Before reaching the end of the line, as the final resting place for the remains of Mexico’s great artists, the Palace has become the last platform for those who have touched the heartstrings of their community. Antithetical yet complementary were the farewell ceremonies for Frida Kahlo and Andrés Henestrosa. Both children of the Revolution, they left this world a half-century apart. The first, her coffin covered with the red flag; the second, touched by countless Oaxacan hands who sang songs which dream in our blood. On a date close to that of the departure of ‘our daily Andrés’, a retrospective exhibition dedicated to one whose name has been shortened by the collective tongue to a categorical ‘Frida’ demonstrated the Mexican fervor for art and for symbols, for myths and the tangible realities of painting, as can be seen by the lengthy lines recorded in images in this book.
Art is a return journey to madness. To the violence of this dark kingdom, in particular. Theatrical wisdom calls the space where a brief respite is possible before returning to the combat the relief, and with more lucidity still, the space between stage and backstage the legs. Here we have a symbol of the instant in which the actor emerges to experience a new, luminous and searing birth which forces us to see the world as on the first day of its creation. One hundred and five years after that first stone was laid, seventy-five after its true birth, the Palace of Fine Arts beats in the middle of a city and a country which struggles against all kinds of storms yet which in the arts and in education has found a means of achieving the supremacy of the discourse of letters over the discourse of arms, of sensitivity over ignorance, of intelligence over barbarism.
French to English: The Right to Life
General field: Social Sciences
Detailed field: Philosophy
Source text - French
COMMENT INTERPRETER L’EXPRESSION aujourd’hui commune d’un droit à la vie ? La revendication d’un droit à la vie apparaît comme le revers d’une demande d’égalité accordée à une nouvelle exigence de justice. Alfred Fouillée constate qu’« aujourd’hui, précisément parce qu’en France les inégalités sont établies sur des causes moins brutales (tantôt sur le mérite, tantôt sur des phénomènes sociaux dont certains individus ont tiré avantage), la justice plus grande fait paraître les inégalités plus injustes. » Dès lors que l’égalisation des conditions est considérée comme le corollaire de toute aspiration démocratique, il en résulte une valorisation sans précédent de la vie individuelle. Chaque vie étant égale à chaque autre vie, malgré les inégalités sociales, toute vie est fondée à se développer dans les limites mêmes qui l’installent comme vie. Cette nouvelle sensibilité à la vie n’est pas seulement une sensibilité à la vie biologique qui traverse chaque vivant et l’insère dans la série vitale de l’espèce biologique. La valorisation des traits biologiques de l’espèce humaine n’est qu’un élément d’une nouvelle anthropologie de la vie humaine qui se dessine et dont il s’agit de proposer les contours. C’est pourquoi la catégorie de « biopolitique » forgée par Foucault, pour caractériser une politique qui a désormais en charge le vivant qu’elle s’efforce de valoriser sous les traits de son appartenance à l’espèce humaine, risque d’être trop générale car elle intervient au niveau de l’espèce et non directement au niveau des vies individuelles et ne parvient pas à caractériser l’individualisation maximale qui prévaut dans l’affirmation d’un droit à la vie. En réalité, avec la montée de cette revendication, se fait jour une nouvelle manière d’appréhender le jeu du vital, du social et du mental. Toute histoire monovalente de l’une de ces catégories doit alors être momentanément mise de côté si l’on veut essayer de caractériser ce jeu qui est à l’origine de la formulation d’un droit à la vie. Si l’événement de la modernité est bien en effet cet entrelacement nouveau entre ces trois référentiels, la vie humaine se voit questionnée sur la base des relations entre le vital, le mental et le social. Ce qu’il s’agit alors de reconstruire, c’est la relation historique entre une épistémè comme ordre des savoirs et une forme politique particulière.
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Comment se manifeste ce droit à la vie ? Selon moi, il existe une double formulation du droit à la vie. La première formulation est posée dans le cadre d’une ontologie de la vie sociale, c’est celle qui s’expose sur le plan politique dans les lois sur les accidents du travail et sur les retraites et sur le plan de l’épistémè dans le propos théorique appuyé d’une philosophie de la solidarité et conjointement dans la naissance de la sociologie. C’est ainsi qu’Alfred Croiset, cherchant à faire le bilan des apports de la doctrine solidariste de Léon Bourgeois, peut souligner qu’« on a fait de la sociologie. On a réagi de toutes parts contre l’individualisme excessif de l’ancienne science politique et même de l’ancienne philosophie. » Les lois sur les accidents de travail et sur les retraites se répondent et se complètent car reconnaître l’anormalité des accidents du travail et mettre en question la normalité du vieillissement, c’est se situer sur le plan d’une reconnaissance d’un droit à la vie conçu comme pleine affirmation de la vie sociale : dans ce registre, la solidarité apparaît comme la traduction la plus soutenue de la vie sociale, la catégorie que la sociologie formule comme ontologie de la vie sociale et comme la traduction la plus soutenue de la sociologie ou de la philosophie de la vie sociale dans la vie sociale elle-même. C’est dire que la solidarité est à la fois origine et destination de la vie sociale, origine en ce qu’elle se révèle dans la dépendance mutuelle des hommes (dimension de la fraternité), destination car elle peut, sinon annuler, du moins réguler les effets négatifs de cette dépendance (dimension de la justice). Comme le remarque Alfred Croiset : « (…) on fit entrer à la fois, dans l’acception nouvelle du mot [solidarité] l’idée de justice et celle de fraternité. »
3
La seconde formulation est posée dans le cadre d’une ontologie de la vie individuelle, c’est celle qui s’expose sur le plan politique non plus dans le droit social mais dans l’extension du pouvoir médical, en tant qu’il se réfère à une nouvelle valeur qui n’est plus la solidarité mais la santé, sans cesse approfondie, creusée en absence de maladie puis en état de bien-être et sur le plan de l’épistémè dans le propos théorique diffus d’une philosophie de la vulnérabilité et d’un réalignement des sciences humaines autour de la question de la fragilité. Si le droit à la vie, versus solidarité, s’exprime dans un impératif de la protection, le droit à la vie, versus vulnérabilité, s’exprime dans un impératif de la réparation. Ce déplacement de la protection à la réparation correspond à une inflexion de la catégorie de la sécurité dans le sens d’une individualisation sans précédent du droit à la vie, revers d’une demande d’égalité nouvelle.
Translation - English
HOW ARE WE TO INTERPRET THE ASSERTION, so common today, of a right to life? The right to life emerges as a counterpoint to a demand for equality that is associated with a new expectation of justice. Alfred Fouillée observes that “today, precisely because in France inequalities are based on less violent causes (sometimes on merits, sometimes on social phenomena exploited by certain individuals), the more astute sense of justice only reveals more unjust inequalities.” As soon as the creation of equal conditions for all is treated as an essential feature of democracy, it gives rise to an unprecedented value being attributed to the individual life. Each life being equal to every other, regardless of social disparities, means that every life is created to flourish within the very limitations that define it as a life. This new awareness of the significance of life is not only an awareness of life in the biological sense, which defines it as being part of its species. Granting value to the biological traits of the human species is just one aspect of a new anthropology of human life that is taking shape, and has yet to be defined. For this reason, the category of “biopolitics”, coined by Foucault to refer to a politics that concerns itself with the living being, which it endeavors to appraise on the basis of its affiliation with the human species, is at risk of being overly general. Since it is applied at the level of the species and not directly at the level of individual lives, it does not account for the extreme degree of individualization that prevails in the affirmation of a right to life. In fact, the emergence of this assertion has given rise to a new way of understanding the interplay among the vital, social and mental realms. Any account that deals in just one of these categories should be set aside if we are to describe the interplay that underlies the formulation of a right to life. If the event of modernity is indeed the interweaving of these three reference points, human life is examined on the basis of the interrelations between the vital, social, and mental realms. It is thus a matter of reconstructing the historical relationship between an episteme as an order of knowledge and a specific political construct.
2
How does this right to life manifest itself? In my view, it is formulated in two ways. The first formulation, posed in the context of an ontology of social life, is the one expressed at a political level in legislation relating to industrial accidents and pensions, and at the level of the episteme in the theory based on a philosophy of solidarity, as well as in the birth of sociology. It is in this sense that Alfred Croiset, seeking to evaluate the contributions of Léon Bourgeois’s doctrine of solidarity, can emphasize that “we created sociology. Everywhere we reacted against the excessive individualism of the old political science and even of the old philosophy.” The laws on industrial accidents and pensions are complementary, because to recognize the abnormality of industrial accidents and to question the normality of aging is to recognize a right to life understood as the full affirmation of social life. In this regard, solidarity emerges as the most sustained manifestation of social life, the category formulated by sociology as an ontology of social life and – at the same time – as the most sustained manifestation of sociology or of the philosophy of social life in social life itself. That is to say, solidarity is at once the origin and goal of social life. It is the origin insofar as it reveals itself in the mutual dependence of human beings (the dimension of fraternity). It is the goal because it can, if not cancel out, then at least regulate the negative effects of this dependence (the dimension of justice). As Alfred Croiset remarks, “[…] with the new meaning of this word [solidarity] we ushered in both the idea of justice and that of fraternity.”
3
The second formulation, posed in the context of an ontology of individual life, is also expressed on the political level, not with regard to welfare legislation but instead to the expansion of medical power insofar as it draws on a new value, which is no longer that of solidarity but rather that of health, one that constantly expands, first to eliminate disease and then to create well-being. At the level of the episteme, meanwhile, it is expressed in the vague theory of a philosophy of vulnerability and a realignment of the human sciences around the issue of fragility. If the right to life, in terms of solidarity, is expressed as an imperative of protection, then the right to life in terms of vulnerability, is expressed as an imperative of compensation. This shift from protection to compensation reflects a change in the category of security in the sense of an unprecedented individualization of the right to life, which is the counterpoint to a new assertion of equality.

Glossaries Architecture and construction, financial, Mexican Governmental Institutions
Experience Years of experience: 22. Registered at ProZ.com: Sep 2006. Became a member: Aug 2010.
ProZ.com Certified PRO certificate(s)
Credentials Italian to English (University of York)
Spanish to English (Centro de Enseñanza de Lenguas Extranjeras (UNAM))
Memberships N/A
Software Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Photoshop, MemSource Cloud, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, Trados Studio
Website http://www.elusiveword.com
CV/Resume CV available upon request
Events and training
Professional practices fionn endorses ProZ.com's Professional Guidelines (v1.1).
Bio

Welcome to my profile. Please come in and have a look around.

I am That Elusive Word Translations. My translation work is largely focused on contemporary art and art history, architecture and academic texts in the humanities. I work with publishing houses, universities, museums and galleries in Europe and the Americas producing books, magazines, articles, exhibition texts and catalogues, together with academic papers, journal articles and books in the fields of philosophy, politics, economics, social sciences, archaeology, anthropology and history.

I have completed countless translations for international organizations, including the European Commission, the G20, USAID, ECOWAS, UN Women, the World Bank, The Global Fund and the OAS, as well as for government agencies, mostly dealing with international summits and reports on human rights, freedom of expression, foreign affairs, development, microfinance, education, and environmental issues. I have also worked in these fields for numerous NGOs.

I am also a literary translator and have produced versions of stories, essays, plays, poetry and criticism by a number of writers, including Carlos Fuentes, Vicente Quirarte, Carlos Monsiváis, Serge Sándor, Ignacio Solares, Flavio González Mello, Alberto Chimal and Coral Bracho. My translations of short stories and poetry have been published by Palabras Errantes and Eleven Eleven Journal. I made the first translation of the earliest science fiction story to be written in the Americas (dating from the 1770s), and this was nominated for a Pushcart Prize in 2015.

In January 2018 my first novel translation was published by Charco Press: Fireflies by Argentinean novelist Luis Sagasti, and was shortlisted for the Translator's Association First Translation Award 2018. My translation of Peruvian writer and journalist Renato Cisneros' best-selling La distancia que nos separa was published in July 2018 as The Distance Between Us, and received an English PEN award. In 2020 my translations of Fate by Jorge Consiglio (co-translation with Carolina Orloff) and of A Musical Offering by Luis Sagasti were published by Charco Press. A Musical Offering was shortlisted for the Republic of Consciousness Prize 2021 and won the Society of Authors Premio Valle Inclán 2021 for best fiction translation from Spanish.

My extensive experience covers not only translation but editing, correction and final revision of galley proofs right up to publication.

A selection of books I have translated and/or edited include:

2018 Landscape of Faith. Interventions Along the Mexican Pilgrimage Route (Lars Müller, architecture)

2017 Reyes Ríos + Larraín arquitectos. Lugar, materia y pertenencia (Arquine, architecture)

2016 Museo Internacional del Barroco. La Puesta en Escena (Artes de México, history of art)
Cuarzo Reforma 26 | Richard Meier + Diametro Arquitectos (Arquine, architecture)

2015 Goeritz Guide (Arquine, architecture)
Tacopedia: the Taco Encylopedia (Phaidon, gastronomy)

2014 Las Torres de Ciudad Satélite (Arquine, architecture)
Jorge Ambrosi (Arquine, architecture)
Thought by Hand. The Architecture of Flores & Prats (Arquine, architecture)

2013 The Architectural Ellipsis (Arquine, contemporary art)
Talca: Matter of Education (Arquine, architecture and education)
Urban Interlacing: Javier Sánchez 2004-2013 (CONACULTA, architecture)

2012 Transformaciones del Paisaje Urbano en México (MUNAL - Ediciones El Viso, 20th-century art)
Two Perspectives on Fascism (Gato Negro Ediciones/Museo del Estanquillo, exhibition catalogue)
Frontera: Sketch for the Creation of a Future Society (Laboratorio 060, art criticism)

2011 Alberto Rimoch architect (Arquine, architecture)
A Straggly Smile (illustrated children's book)
Visiones y revisiones, Pérez Simón Collection (JAPS Foundation, history of art)

2010 New Compact History of Mexico (El Colegio de México, history)
Legorreta + Legorreta (Area Editores, architecture)
eos méxico (Arquine, design)
Stop: Keep Moving. An oxymoronic approach to architecture (Arquine, architecture)

2009
Sebastián Escultor (art monograph)

2008
JAPS Collection - Sculpture (JAPS Foundation)
JAPS Collection - Painting (JAPS Foundation)
Citámbulos: Journey to the Mexican Megalopolis (Jovis Verlag, book on Mexico City)

2007 Museo de Murales Teotihuacanos Beatriz de la Fuente (INAH, archaeology)

2006 Citamblers: Guide to the Marvels of Mexico City (Océano Editores, unconventional guide book)

Plays
I have translated the monologue Gueule de Mariée/The Bride's Big Mouth by Serge Sándor, and the comedy El padre pródigo/The Prodigal Father by leading Mexican playwright Flavio González Mello.

Other activities that have informed my translation work include: teaching a poetry translation seminar at the UNAM, 2009-2010; designing and teaching English literature courses for the Universidad Iberoamericana and the Anglo-Mexican Foundation, 2007-2008; consecutive interpreting for cultural festivals (Festival Internacional de Cine de Morelia, Festival de México, Festival Internacional de Cine Contemporáneo, Festival Francés de Acapulco). I am also a qualified TEFL teacher.

Having graduated with first-class honors in Philosophy (University of York) and a Masters in Continental Philosophy (University of Warwick), in 2013 I completed a PhD in Philosophy at the UNAM, Mexico. My thesis examines the concept of persuasion in early Greek thought and in the writings of Italian philosopher Carlo Michelstaedter.


Nice things clients have said about my work:

"Our editor described your translation as 'the gold standard'."
"...an outstanding gift and remarkable dedication..."

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Total pts earned: 385
PRO-level pts: 365


Top languages (PRO)
Spanish to English160
English to Spanish115
Italian to English42
French to English40
German to Spanish4
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Art/Literary110
Tech/Engineering95
Other74
Science35
Social Sciences20
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Architecture55
Art, Arts & Crafts, Painting51
Poetry & Literature39
Construction / Civil Engineering32
Archaeology16
Cinema, Film, TV, Drama16
History12
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Profile last updated
Sep 6, 2022